Superficial infections are frequently managed with oral antibiotics, while deep infections typically require surgical debridement (removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue) and IV antibiotics. A small percentage of infections may be complicated by large soft tissue defects and compromised host immune systems, requiring extensive and prolonged treatments and surgical procedures.

In 2011, there were 146,100 hospital discharges for spondylolisthesis reported in the HCUP NIS database. The average length of stay for these patients was 4 days, and tended to trend slightly upwards with age. The mean charges for hospital discharges with a diagnosis of spondylolisthesis was $93,900, which was unexpectedly higher than all other deformity codes evaluated and statistically similar to costs associated with hospital discharges for patients with complications of spine surgery diagnosis.